Wednesday, March 17, 2010

Themes in LORD of the FLIES

Civilization vs. Savagery
The overarching theme of Lord of the Flies is the conflict between the human impulse towards savagery and the rules of civilization which are designed to contain and minimize it. Throughout the novel, the conflict is dramatized by the clash between Ralph and Jack, who respectively represent civilization and savagery. The differing ideologies are expressed by each boy's distinct attitudes towards authority. While Ralph uses his authority to establish rules, protect the good of the group, and enforce the moral and ethical codes of the English society the boys were raised in, Jack is interested in gaining power over the other boys to gratify his most primal impulses. When Jack assumes leadership of his own tribe, he demands the complete subservience of the other boys, who not only serve him but worship him as an idol. Jack's hunger for power suggests that savagery does not resemble anarchy so much as a totalitarian system of exploitation and illicit power.
Golding's emphasis on the negative consequences of savagery can be read as an clear endorsement of civilization. In the early chapters of the novel, he suggests that one of the important functions of civilized society is to provide an outlet for the savage impulses that reside inside each individual. Jack's initial desire to kill pigs to demonstrate his bravery, for example, is channeled into the hunt, which provides needed food for the entire group. As long as he lives within the rules of civilization, Jack is not a threat to the other boys; his impulses are being re-directed into a productive task. Rather, it is when Jack refuses to recognize the validity of society and rejects Ralph's authority that the dangerous aspects of his character truly emerge. Golding suggests that while savagery is perhaps an inescapable fact of human existence, civilization can mitigate its full expression.
The rift between civilization and savagery is also communicated through the novel's major symbols: the conch shell, which is associated with Ralph, and The Lord of the Flies, which is associated with Jack. The conch shell is a powerful marker of democratic order on the island, confirming both Ralph's leadership-determined by election-and the power of assembly among the boys. Yet, as the conflict between Ralph and Jack deepens, the conch shell loses symbolic importance. Jack declares that the conch is meaningless as a symbol of authority and order, and its decline in importance signals the decline of civilization on the island. At the same time, The Lord of the Flies, which is an offering to the mythical "beast" on the island, is increasingly invested with significance as a symbol of the dominance of savagery on the island, and of Jack's authority over the other boys. The Lord of the Flies represents the unification of the boys under Jack's rule as motivated by fear of "outsiders": the beast and those who refuse to accept Jack's authority. The destruction of the conch shell at the scene of Piggy's murder signifies the complete eradication of civilization on the island, while Ralph's demolition of The Lord of the Flies-he intends to use the stick as a spear-signals his own descent into savagery and violence. By the final scene, savagery has completely displaced civilization as the prevailing system on the island.
Individualism vs. Community
One of the key concerns of Lord of the Flies is the role of the individual in society. Many of the problems on the island-the extinguishing of the signal fire, the lack of shelters, the mass abandonment of Ralph's camp, and the murder of Piggy-stem from the boys' implicit commitment to a principle of self-interest over the principle of community. That is, the boys would rather fulfill their individual desires than cooperate as a coherent society, which would require that each one act for the good of the group. Accordingly, the principles of individualism and community are symbolized by Jack and Ralph, respectively. Jack wants to "have fun" on the island and satisfy his bloodlust, while Ralph wants to secure the group's rescue, a goal they can achieve only by cooperating. Yet, while Ralph's vision is the most reasonable, it requires work and sacrifice on the part of the other boys, so they quickly shirk their societal duties in favor of fulfilling their individual desires. The shelters do not get built because the boys would rather play; the signal fire is extinguished when Jack's hunters fail to tend to it on schedule.
The boys' self-interestedness culminates, of course, when they decide to join Jack's tribe, a society without communal values whose appeal is that Jack will offer them total freedom. The popularity of his tribe reflects the enormous appeal of a society based on individual freedom and self-interest, but as the reader soon learns, the freedom Jack offers his tribe is illusory. Jack implements punitive and irrational rules and restricts his boys' behavior far more than Ralph did. Golding thus suggests not only that some level of communal system is superior to one based on pure self-interest, but also that pure individual freedom is an impossible value to sustain within a group dynamic, which will always tend towards societal organization. The difficult question, of course, is what individuals are willing to give up to gain the benefits of being in the group.
The Nature of Evil
Is evil innate within the human spirit, or is it an influence from an external source? What role do societal rules and institutions play in the existence of human evil? Does the capacity for evil vary from person to person, or does it depend on the circumstances each individual faces? These questions are at the heart of Lord of the Flies which, through detailed depictions of the boys' different responses to their situation, presents a complex articulation of humanity's potential for evil.
It is important to note that Golding's novel rejects supernatural or religious accounts of the origin of human evil. While the boys fear the "beast" as an embodiment of evil similar to the Christian concept of Satan, the novel emphasizes that this interpretation is not only mistaken but also, ironically, the motivation for the boys' increasingly cruel and violent behavior. It is their irrational fear of the beast that informs the boys' paranoia and leads to the fatal schism between Jack and Ralph and their respective followers, and this is what prevents them from recognizing and addressing their responsibility for their own impulses. Rather, as The Lord of the Flies communicates to Simon in the forest glade, the "beast" is an internal force, present in every individual, and is thus incapable of being truly defeated. That the most ethical characters on the island-Simon and Ralph-each come to recognize his own capacity for evil indicates the novel's emphasis on evil's universality among humans.
Even so, the novel is not entirely pessimistic about the human capacity for good. While evil impulses may lurk in every human psyche, the intensity of these impulses-and the ability to control them-appear to vary from individual to individual. Through the different characters, the novel presents a continuum of evil, ranging from Jack and Roger, who are eager to engage in violence and cruelty, to Ralph and Simon, who struggle to contain their brutal instincts. We may note that the characters who struggle most successfully against their evil instincts do so by appealing to ethical or social codes of behavior. For example, Ralph and Piggy demand the return of Piggy's glasses because it is the "right thing to do." Golding suggests that while evil may be present in us all, it can be successfully suppressed by the social norms that are imposed on our behavior from without or by the moral norms we decide are inherently "good," which we can internalize within our wills.
The ambiguous and deeply ironic conclusion of Lord of the Flies, however, calls into question society's role in shaping human evil. The naval officer, who repeats Jack's rhetoric of nationalism and militarism, is engaged in a bloody war that is responsible for the boys' aircraft crash on the island and that is mirrored by the civil war among the survivors. In this sense, much of the evil on the island is a result not of the boys' distance from society, but of their internalization of the norms and ideals of that society-norms and ideals that justify and even thrive on war. Are the boys corrupted by the internal pressures of an essentially violent human nature, or have they been corrupted by the environment of war they were raised in? Lord of the Flies offers no clear solution to this question, provoking readers to contemplate the complex relationships among society, morality, and human nature.
Man vs. Nature
Lord of the Flies introduces the question of man's ideal relationship with the natural world. Thrust into the completely natural environment of the island, in which no humans exist or have existed, the boys express different attitudes towards nature that reflect their distinct personalities and ideological leanings. The boys' relationships to the natural world generally fall into one of three categories: subjugation of nature, harmony with nature, and subservience to nature. The first category, subjugation of nature, is embodied by Jack, whose first impulse on the island is to track, hunt, and kill pigs. He seeks to impose his human will on the natural world, subjugating it to his desires. Jack's later actions, in particular setting the forest fire, reflect his deepening contempt for nature and demonstrate his militaristic, violent character. The second category, harmony with nature, is embodied by Simon, who finds beauty and peace in the natural environment as exemplified by his initial retreat to the isolated forest glade. For Simon, nature is not man's enemy but is part of the human experience. The third category, subservience to nature, is embodied by Ralph and is the opposite position from Jack's. Unlike Simon, Ralph does not find peaceful harmony with the natural world; like Jack, he understands it as an obstacle to human life on the island. But while Jack responds to this perceived conflict by acting destructively towards animals and plant life, Ralph responds by retreating from the natural world. He does not participate in hunting or in Simon's excursions to the deep wilderness of the forest; rather, he stays on the beach, the most humanized part of the island. As Jack's hunting expresses his violent nature to the other boys and to the reader, Ralph's desire to stay separate from the natural world emphasizes both his reluctance to tempt danger and his affinity for civilization.
Dehumanization of Relationships
In Lord of the Flies, one of the effects of the boys' descent into savagery is their increasing inability to recognize each other's humanity. Throughout the novel, Golding uses imagery to imply that the boys are no longer able to distinguish between themselves and the pigs they are hunting and killing for food and sport. In Chapter Four, after the first successful pig hunt, the hunters re-enact the hunt in a ritual dance, using Maurice as a stand-in for the doomed pig. This episode is only a dramatization, but as the boys' collective impulse towards complete savagery grows stronger, the parallels between human and animal intensify. In Chapter Seven, as several of the boys are hunting the beast, they repeat the ritual with Robert as a stand-in for the pig; this time, however, they get consumed by a kind of "frenzy" and come close to actually killing him. In the same scene, Jack jokes that if they do not kill a pig next time, they can kill a littlun in its place. The repeated substitution of boy for pig in the childrens' ritual games, and in their conversation, calls attention to the consequences of their self-gratifying behavior: concerned only with their own base desires, the boys have become unable to see each other as anything more than objects subject to their individual wills. The more pigs the boys kill, the easier it becomes for them to harm and kill each other. Mistreating the pigs facilitates this process of dehumanization.
The early episodes in which boys are substituted for pigs, either verbally or in the hunting dance, also foreshadow the tragic events of the novel's later chapters, notably the murders of Simon and Piggy and the attempt on Ralph's life. Simon, a character who from the outset of the novel is associated with the natural landscape he has an affinity for, is murdered when the other children mistake him for "the beast"-a mythical inhuman creature that serves as an outlet for the children's fear and sadness. Piggy's name links him symbolically to the wild pigs on the island, the immediate target for Jack's violent impulses; from the outset, when the other boys refuse to call him anything but "Piggy," Golding establishes the character as one whose humanity is, in the eyes of the other boys, ambiguous. The murders of Simon and Piggy demonstrate the boys' complete descent into savagery. Both literally (Simon) and symbolically (Piggy), the boys have become indistinguishable from the animals that they stalk and kill.
The Loss of Innocence
At the end of Lord of the Flies, Ralph weeps "for the end of innocence," a lament that retroactively makes explicit one of the novel's major concerns, namely, the loss of innocence. When the boys are first deserted on the island, they behave like children, alternating between enjoying their freedom and expressing profound homesickness and fear. By the end of the novel, however, they mirror the warlike behavior of the adults of the Home Counties: they attack, torture, and even murder one another without hesitation or regret. The loss of the boys' innocence on the island runs parallel to, and informs their descent into savagery, and it recalls the Bible's narrative of the Fall of Man from paradise.
Accordingly, the island is coded in the early chapters as a kind of paradise, with idyllic scenery, fresh fruit, and glorious weather. Yet, as in the Biblical Eden, the temptation toward corruption is present: the younger boys fear a "snake-thing." The "snake-thing" is the earliest incarnation of the "beast" that, eventually, will provoke paranoia and division among the group. It also explicitly recalls the snake from the Garden of Eden, the embodiment of Satan who causes Adam and Eve's fall from grace. The boys' increasing belief in the beast indicates their gradual loss of innocence, a descent that culminates in tragedy. We may also note that the landscape of the island itself shifts from an Edenic space to a hellish one, as marked by Ralph's observation of the ocean tide as an impenetrable wall, and by the storm that follows Simon's murder.
The forest glade that Simon retreats to in Chapter Three is another example of how the boys' loss of innocence is registered on the natural landscape of the island. Simon first appreciates the clearing as peaceful and beautiful, but when he returns, he finds The Lord of the Flies impaled at its center, a powerful symbol of how the innocence of childhood has been corrupted by fear and savagery.
Even the most sympathetic boys develop along a character arc that traces a fall from innocence (or, as we might euphemize, a journey into maturity). When Ralph is first introduced, he is acting like a child, splashing in the water, mocking Piggy, and laughing. He tells Piggy that he is certain that his father, a naval commander, will rescue him, a conviction that the reader understands as the wishful thinking of a little boy. Ralph repeats his belief in their rescue throughout the novel, shifting his hope that his own father will discover them to the far more realistic premise that a passing ship will be attracted by the signal fire on the island. By the end of the novel, he has lost hope in the boys' rescue altogether. The progression of Ralph's character from idealism to pessimistic realism expresses the extent to which life on the island has eradicated his childhood.
The Negative Consequences of War
In addition to its other resonances, Lord of the Flies is in part an allegory of the Cold War. Thus, it is deeply concerned with the negative effects of war on individuals and for social relationships. Composed during the Cold War, the novel's action unfolds from a hypothetical atomic war between England and "the Reds," which was a clear word for communists. Golding thus presents the non-violent tensions that were unfolding during the 1950s as culminating into a fatal conflict-a narrative strategy that establishes the novel as a cautionary tale against the dangers of ideological, or "cold," warfare, becoming hot. Moreover, we may understand the conflict among the boys on the island as a reflection of the conflict between the democratic powers of the West and the communist presence throughout China, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union. (China's cultural revolution had not yet occurred, but its communist revolution was fresh in Western memory.) Ralph, an embodiment of democracy, clashes tragically with Jack, a character who represents a style of military dictatorship similar to the West's perception of communist leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong. Dressed in a black cape and cap, with flaming red hair, Jack also visually evokes the "Reds" in the fictional world of the novel and the historical U.S.S.R., whose signature colors were red and black. As the tension between the boys comes to a bloody head, the reader sees the dangerous consequences of ideological conflict.
The arrival of the naval officer at the conclusion of the narrative underscores these allegorical points. The officer embodies war and militaristic thinking, and as such, he is symbolically linked to the brutal Jack. The officer is also English and thus linked to the democratic side of the Cold War, which the novel vehemently defends. The implications of the officer's presence are provocative: Golding suggests that even a war waged in the name of civilization can reduce humanity to a state of barbarism. The ultimate scene of the novel, in which the boys weep with grief for the loss of their innocence, implicates contemporary readers in the boys' tragedy. The boys are representatives, however immature and untutored, of the wartime impulses of the period.


Glossary LORD OF THE FLIES

Glossary of Terms

"bomb happy"
crazy
"do us"
"kill us"
"give him a fourpenny one"
"hit him in the jaw"
"mucking about"
"wasting time"
"one for his nob"
"a blow to his head"
"round the bend"
crazy
"sod you"
"screw you"
"taken short"
ill with diarrhea
accent
intonation of speech reflecting one's regional or class background; here, Piggy's lower-class pronunciations and slang
acrid
sharp or bitter
altos
those in a choir who sing in the mid-to-high vocal range between soprano and tenor
antiphonal
sung in alternation
barmy
crazy
batty
crazy or odd
bloody
cursed
bollucks
a term of disgust and scorn
bowstave
slightly curved arc
brine
salty water
Coral Island
an 1857 adventure novel by R.M. Ballantyne about a group of boys stranded on a desert island after a shipwreck
cordon
a line or circle of ships or soldiers that guards a certain area
coverts
shelters
cracked
crazy
crackers
crazy; insane
creepers
vines
cutter
a boat carried on larger ships to transport passengers or supplies to shore
dazzle paint
camouflage
derision
contempt or ridicule
diddle
juggle or rattle
diffident
timid or shy
dun
a dull brownish-gray color
embroil
to involve in trouble or conflict
epaulette
a shoulder ornament on military uniforms
essay
to try or attempt
funk
state of panic or fear
gesticulate
to use gestures
Gib., Addis
Gibraltar and Addis Ababa, refueling stations the plane stopped at before crashing
gibber
unintelligible speech
glamor
illusion; spell
ha'porth
contraction of "half-penny's worth," meaning very little
head boy
the honorary title given to a boy who maintains the best personal conduct at his school
Home Counties
the counties around London, England
impervious
not affected by something
inimical
hostile
jolly
very
lamp standard
lamppost
lavatory
toilet
matins
a morning church service with singing
mold
loose, soft soil
myopia
nearsightedness
nuts
expression of contempt; roughly equivalent to "damn"
pax
peace
phosphorescence
a continuing luminescence without heat
pills
testicles
pinch
steal
pinnacles
pointed objects or peaks
plinth
a border of brick or stone running along the base of a wall
polyp
a type of tentacled, tubelike sea creature such as an anemone
precentor
director of a choir
prefect
in English schools, an older student with disciplinary authority over the other students
propitiate
appease
queer
odd or unusual
rating
a man enlisted in the Navy
rebuke
scold or reprimand
Reds
communists
rugger
rugby
scar
plane wreckage left behind after a crash
scurfy
a skin condition that produces a dry, scaly rash
smashing
great
stern sheets
a space at the front (stern) of an open boat
Swallows and Amazons
an adventure novel (1930) by Arthur Ransome about a group of children on vacation, the first in his popular series of adventure books
talisman
an object believed to have magical or protective properties
toilet
the process of grooming oneself
torrid
oppressively hot
Treasure Island
an 1883 novel by Robert Louis Stevenson about a boy's search for buried gold and his encounter with pirates
Trebles
the members of a choir who sing in the highest vocal range
truculent
unapologetically cruel or savage
ululate
howl or wail
wacco
crazy
waxy
enraged
white drill
a coarse kind of cloth (linen or cotton) typically used for uniforms
windy
pompous or boastful
wizard
excellent

Quotations Lord of the Flies

The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, was first published in 1954. This tale of schoolboys stranded on a desert island is the best-known work by Golding. The novel is now sometimes compared to The Cacher in the Rye as one of the popular books for high school and college students. Here are a few quotes from the novel.

Lord of the Flies Quotes: Analyse these quotations:
Who said them? What is their significance within the context?

CHAPTER 1

  • "They used to call me Piggy!'"
    Why is Piggy called that way by his classmates? How does he feel about that nickname? Why does Ralph reveal this information to the group?
  • "'You're no good on a job like this.'"
    Who was not good and at what job?
CHAPTER 2
  • "Ralph sat on a fallen trunk, his left side to the sun. On his right were most of the choir; on his left the larger boys who had not known each other before...before him small children squatted in the grass."
    Who are the different groups? How do they differ? What is Ralph's role? In what way is it made evident in this scene?
  • "'We've got to have rules and obey them. After all, we're not savages. We're English, and the English are best at everything.'"
    Who says this? What does this show about the character? Is the writer being ironic? Why?
  • "'You got your small fire all right.'"
    Who said this? What is his attitude?Why is the other character so concerned about the fire?
CHAPTER 3
  • "Then, amid the roar of bees in the afternoon sunlight, Simon found for the fruit they could not reach... passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands."
    How does Ralph behave towards the littluns? What does this show about this character?
  • "The candle-buds opened their wide white flowers... Their scent spilled out into the air and took possession of the island.
What does the scent stand for?Who or what really took possession of the island?
CHAPTER 4
  • "Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life."
    What does the writer mean by the taboo of the old life? Why does he use the word TABOO?
  • "He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling."
    How is this character depicted? The description would apply more to ...
  • "'I painted my face--I stole up. Now you eat--all of you--and I--'"
    What does the painting of the faces represent? How were the kids changed?
CHAPTER 5
  • "Piggy, for all his ludicrous body, had brains. Ralph was a specialist in thought now, and could recognize thought in another."
    What type of boy is Piggy? How was Ralph becoming more like him?
  • "Serve you right if something did get you, you useless lot of cry-babies!"
    Who says this to the littluns? How does this character contrast with Ralph?
  • "Daddy said they haven't found all the animals in the sea yet."
    What does this tell us about the boy's background? What were the kids afraid of?
  • "'Maybe there is a beast....maybe it's only us.'"
    This could be considered a moment of epiphany. Why? What does the character realise?
  • "The world, that understandable and lawful world, was slipping away."
    Which world does the writer refer to?
CHAPTER 6
  • "Even the sounds of nightmare from the other shelters no longer reached him, for he was back to where came from, feeding the ponies with sugar over the garden wall."
    Who has this memory? Why?
CHAPTER 7:
  • "'You'll get back to where you came from.'"
    This could be interpreted as going back to their origins. Which ones? Why?
  • "'Kill the pig! Cut his throat! Kill the pig! Bash him in!'"
    What does the chanting show about the kids' behaviour? Their painted faces and the chanting give the impression of ....
  • "The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering."
    Which side took over the boys at this point?
  • "'We musn't let anything happen to Piggy, must we?'"
    Why was the character worried about Piggy? Why wasn't it advisable for Ralph not to have Piggy?
CHAPTER 8
  • "He says things like Piggy. He isn't a proper chief.'"
    Why do they consider Ralph not to be a proper chief? Do you agree?
  • "Piggy was... so full of pride in his contribution to the good of society, that he helped to fetch wood." How is Piggy's role made explicit in this quotation?
  • "'This head is for the beast. It's a gift.'"
Why do the hunters decide to leave a gift for the beast?
  • "'You knew, didn't you? I'm part of you? Close, close, close! I'm the reason why it's no go? Why things are what they are?'"
    Who says this? Why?
  • "'You're not wanted..."
    Who is not wanted and why?
  • "'Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!'"
    How is the chanting different? What is its effect?
CHAPTER 9
  • "They were glad to touch the brown backs of the fence that hemmed in the terror and made it governable."
    What did the children need desperately?
  • "There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws."
    What does this description make you think of?Notice the use of words teeth and claws.
  • "The water rose farther and dressed Simon's coarse hair with brightness. The line of his cheek silvered and the turn of his shoulder became sculptured marble."
    What was the effect of the water on the corpse? What is water a symbol for? Why did the children need it?
  • "surrounded by a fringe of inquisitive bright creatures, itself a silver shape beneath the steadfast constellations, Simon's dead body moved out toward the open sea."
Why does the writer use the word INQUISITIVE to describe the kids? How do you think they felt after what they had done?
CHAPTER 10
  • "We was on the outside. We never done nothing, we never seen nothing."
    What is the children's reaction to what they had done?
  • "You can't tell what he might do."
    What does this foreshadow?
  • "What could be safer than the bus center with its lamps and wheels?"
Who thinks this? Why?
  • "'It's come... It's real!'"
    What does the child refer to?
CHAPTER 11

  • "'This is 'jus talk... I want my glasses.'"
    Who had taken Piggy's glasses and why?
  • "'after all we aren't savages really...'"
    Who believes this? Do you agree?
  • "A single drop of water that had escaped Piggy's fingers now flashed on the delicate curve like a star."
    What could this be anticipating?
  • "Behind them on the grass the headless and paunched body of a sow lay where they had dropped it."
    What is a sow? What had the kids done?
  • "Ralph--remember what we came for. The fire. My specs."
    What is Piggy's attitude towards Ralph?
  • "Samneric protested out of the heart of civilization"
    How were Sam and Erick different from Jack's group?
  • "You're a beast and a swine and a bloody, bloody thief!"
    At this point the truth about the boy's complete change is voiced. By who? Why?
  • "Which is better--to have laws and agree, or to hunt and kill?"
    Whose voice could this be?
  • "The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist."
    Together with Piggy's death, we see the destruction of the shell. Why did the writer include these two facts together? What do Piggy and the conch both represent? What will happen as a result of their disappearance?

Friday, March 12, 2010

George Orwell's biography

Click on the link and read about the author of Animal Farm

http://www.george-orwell.org/l_biography.html

William Golding's page Lord of the Flies

On this page you will find information about the author of Lord of the Flies
http://www.william-golding.co.uk/